The first case we considered is a zero dimensional resistive heating case of a rectangular sheet of metal, in which current is applied through the ends, while the sides and top and bottom faces are electrically insulated (Figure 2A). Additionally, the top and bottom faces radiate thermal energy, while the ends and sides are thermally insulated. The Python script uses the energy balance equations for the block and models the change in energy over time by considering the input of energy due to the joule heating and the energy loss due to radiation. The ordinary differential equation solver from the scipy package is the numerical method used to integrate the differential equation for temperature as a function of time.
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We then modeled a rectangular metal sheet of the equivalent dimensions and inputted the same material values, boundary conditions, and current in Abaqus. We compared the temperature values over time in the following plot, and saw that the Abaqus model result yields almost exactly the same results as the Python script.
The next case that we verified was the one dimensional resistive heating of a rectangular sheet of metal (Figure 3A). The sheet has a fixed temperature on its ends, is thermally insulated on its sides, and radiates thermal energy from its top and bottom. The current travels through the ends of the sheet, while the sides and top and bottom are electrically insulated. In this case, we must consider conduction along the direction of the current, and thus need to discretize the sheet into rectangular volumes such that temperature is now a function of time and space.
The final case we checked was the one directional resistive heating of a metal disk (Figure 4A). In this case, the analogous Abaqus model was created as an axisymmetric solid, so when working with the model, we only specified conditions on the rectangle outlined in yellow in the below image. The outer radius of the disk was fixed at 300K, while the top and bottom sides of the disk radiate thermal energy. The current travels radially through the disk, while the top and bottom of the disk are electrically insulated. The Python script utilizes similar methods as in the case of one dimensional resistive heating of a rectangular sheet of metal.
New method of canning specimens made of composites of arc-sprayed and plasma-sprayed tape reduces outgassing and warping during hot isostatic pressing. Produces can having reliable, crack-free seal and thereby helps to ensure pressed product of high quality. Specimen placed in ring of refractory metal between two face sheets, also of refractory metal. Assembly placed in die in vacuum hot press, where simultaneously heated and pressed until plates become diffusion-welded to ring, forming sealed can around specimen. Specimen becomes partially densified, and fits snugly within can. Ready for further densification by hot isostatic pressing.
Surface voids sealed from pressurizing gas. Coating technique enables healing of surface defects by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Internal pores readily closed by HIP, but surface voids like cracks and pores in contact with pressurizing gas not healed. Applied to casting or weldment as thick slurry of two glass powders: one melts at temperature slightly lower than used for HIP, and another melts at higher temperature. For example, powder is glass of 75 percent SiO2 and 25 percent Na2O, while other powder SiO2. Liquid component of slurry fugitive organic binder; for example, mixture of cellulose acetate and acetone. Easy to apply, separates voids from surrounding gas, would not react with metal part under treatment, and easy to remove after pressing. 2ff7e9595c
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